Deep brain stimulation therapies have proven to be an invaluable treatment option for patients suffering from otherwise debilitating conditions like Parkinson’s disease. However, it – and its sister technology, brain-computer interfaces – currently suffers from a critical shortcoming: the electrodes that convert electron impulses into bioelectrical signals don’t mesh well with surrounding brain tissue. And that’s where the people in the lab coats and holding squids come in! In We Are Electric: Inside the 200-Year-Old Hunt for Our Body’s Bioelectric Code and What the Future Holds, Author Sally Adee delves into two centuries of research into an often misunderstood and maligned branch of scientific discovery, guiding readers of Alessandro Volta’s pioneering work to the life-saving applications that could become possible once doctors learn to communicate. directly with the cells of our body.
Hachette Books
Extract of We Are Electric: Inside the 200-Year-Old Hunt for Our Body’s Bioelectric Code and What the Future Holds by Sally Adee. Copyright © 2023. Available from Hachette Books, an imprint of Hachette Book Group, Inc.
lost in translation
“There is a fundamental asymmetry between the devices that drive our information economy and the tissues of the nervous system,” Bettinger said. The edge in 2018. “Your cell phone and computer use electrons and pass them back and forth as a fundamental unit of information. Neurons, however, use ions like sodium and potassium. This is important because, for make a simple analogy, it means you have to translate the language.
“One of the misnomers in the field is actually that I inject current through these electrodes,” says Kip Ludwig. “Not if I do it well, I don’t.” The electrons that travel along a platinum or titanium wire to the implant never reach your brain tissue. Instead, they line up on the electrode. This produces a negative charge, which attracts ions from surrounding neurons. “If I pull enough ions away from the tissue, I cause voltage-gated ion channels to open,” says Ludwig. This can – but not always – turn a nervous fire into an action potential. Put the nerves on fire. That’s it – it’s your only move.
This may seem counterintuitive: the nervous system works with action potentials, so why wouldn’t it work to simply try to write our own action potentials above those of the brain? The problem is that our attempts to write action potentials can be incredibly clumsy, says Ludwig. They don’t always do what we think they do. For one thing, our tools are nowhere near precise enough to only hit the exact neurons we’re trying to stimulate. Thus, the implant is in the middle of a group of different cells, sweeping and activating unrelated neurons with its electric field. Remember how I said the glia were traditionally considered the maintenance staff of the brain? Well, more recently it turned out that they also do information processing – and our clumsy electrodes would trigger them too, with unknown effects. “It’s like pulling the plug on your bathtub and trying to move just one of the three toy boats through the bath water,” says Ludwig. And even if we do manage to hit the neurons we’re trying to hit, there’s no guarantee that the stimulation will hit it in the right place.
To introduce electroceuticals into medicine, we really need better techniques for talking to cells. If the electron-ion language barrier is a barrier to communicating with neurons, it’s an absolute non-starter for cells that don’t use action potentials, like the ones we’re trying to target with interventions. next-gen electrics, including skin cells, bone cells, and the like. If we want to control the membrane tension of cancer cells to bring them back to normal behavior; whether we want to push wound current into skin or bone cells; if we want to control the fate of a stem cell, none of this is possible with our one and only tool of turning nerve fire into an action potential. We need a bigger toolbox. Fortunately, this is the goal of a growing field of research that seeks to manufacture devices, computing elements and cables capable of speaking to ions in their native language.
Several research groups are working on “mixed conduction”, a project whose goal is devices capable of talking about bioelectricity. It relies heavily on advanced plastics and polymers with long names that often include punctuation marks and numbers. If the goal is a DBS electrode that you can keep in the brain for more than ten years, these materials will need to interact safely with the body’s native tissues for much longer than they currently do. And this search is far from over. People naturally start asking themselves: why not just skip the middleman and make this product out of bio-materials instead of polymers? Why not learn how nature does it?
It has already been tried. In the 1970s there was a wave of interest in using coral for bone grafts instead of autografts. Instead of a traumatic double surgery to harvest the needed bone tissue from another part of the body, the coral implants acted as a scaffold to let the new bone cells in the body grow and form the new bone. Coral is naturally osteoconductive, which means new bone cells happily glide over it and find a nice place to proliferate. It is also biodegradable: after the bone grew on it, the coral was gradually absorbed, metabolized, and then excreted from the body. Steady improvements produced few inflammatory responses or complications. There are now several companies cultivating specialty coral for bone grafts and implants.
After the success of coral, people started to take a closer look at marine sources of biomaterials. This field is now changing rapidly – thanks to new processing methods that have allowed many useful materials to be harvested from what was previously only marine litter, the last decade has seen an increasing number of biomaterials from marine organisms. . These include alternative sources for gelatin (snails), collagen (jellyfish) and keratin (sponges), the marine sources of which are abundant, biocompatible and biodegradable. And not just inside the body – one of the reasons interest in these has grown is the drive to move away from polluting synthetic plastics.
Besides all the other advantages of dupes of marine origin, they are also able to conduct an ion current. That’s what Marco Rolandi was thinking in 2010 when he and his colleagues at the University of Washington built a transistor from a piece of squid.
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Create a Facebook account 2022
Anyone can Create a new Facebook account. if you want Create a Facebook account
or configure it, see this guide. Here you will find step-by-step
instructions on how to set up a Facebook account in different ways, how
to get a Facebook page for your business.
Advantages of creating a Facebook account
It’s
no secret that Facebook is one of the biggest social media platforms
today, it is dominating the social media market where you can find all
your friends, relatives and colleagues, follow the content you want and
reach the celebrities who know you. . , in short, Facebook offers the
following features:
Meet new people on social media.
Share photos, videos and moments.
Find local events.
Perfect game collection to spend your free time.
Watch live and important videos.
Buying and selling from within the Facebook app.
Good notification system for all updates.
Create a new Facebook account without a phone number
naturally, How to create a Facebook account
Very simple, almost all users know, simple and not at all
complicated, but one of the requirements to create your personal
Facebook account is that you have a phone number to confirm it. account
when you create it, but to the delight of some users, you can Create Facebook account without a phone number easily through your android phone.
How to Create a New Facebook Account Without a Phone Number
Facebook
It is a social and business website for some users, but when you have a
personal Facebook account and you have some business and you want
customers to connect with you on Facebook, you should not provide your
personal account to protect privacy and not . frequently throughout the
day, so you will have to Create a Facebook account another to
receive your orders. And some people want another Facebook account just
to hang out with friends. Let’s learn together How to Create a Facebook Account Without a Phone Number in the next paragraph.
How to Create a New Facebook Account Without a Phone Number
necessary process Create a Facebook account
Not tied to a phone number You have an Android phone and it just needs
to be an Android phone. Then follow these steps to create an account on
your phone without the help of a laptop:
Access the Google Play Store.
Find Facebook Lite Facebook.
Then download and install the app on your phone.
Open the app and choose the language that suits you best.
Click Create New Account.
Then fill in your first and last name.
When you reach the phone number step, you will find the registration via email at the bottom of the screen.
Click to register via email.
Type your e-mail.
Then click next and wait for the activation code to be sent to your email.
Then add the activation code.
Fill in the registration information.
The second way to create a new Facebook account without a phone number
There are many ways To create a Facebook account
No need for a phone number to sign up for an account. One of the ways
is to use a number that is different from your personal number, like
using a fake number from the Internet, and you can find many
applications in the Google Play Store that provide this service, and it
is a service that creates Americans, for example, or numbers that Brits
must activate social media accounts like WhatsApp, Facebook, Instagram
and other social media sites. With these apps you can create an account
on any app and get a fake number with which you can easily create an
account on the Facebook social networking platform and associate the
fake phone number with that account.
imperfections Create a new Facebook account without a phone number
Activating a Facebook account with a fake number has disadvantages and
harms, mainly losing your account in an application that provides a
service to create fake numbers. You are from Facebook on your phone
number, in this case you cannot receive the code because you do not have
a dummy account. Or because Facebook has received many complaints
about your personal Facebook account and wants to verify the credibility
of the account holder by sending a code on your phone or on the number
you linked to the account, here in this case we are talking about fake
numbers.
Configure your Facebook profile
If you are new to this social networking platform then… Create a Facebook profile It can be stressful for you. So here are some tips to help you get started with Facebook:
Add
a Profile Photo – You should add your photo first so your friends and
acquaintances can easily identify you and send you friend requests.
ADD
SOME FRIENDS – Start looking for your friends and send them friend
requests, but make sure not to overdo it, as this can block your FB
account or get Facebook arrested.
Privacy settings – Create a new Facebook account
one thing and managing it is another; Understand your privacy settings
before posting too much personal information on Facebook. It’s
important to know how you share your personal information with others
and with the Facebook app so you don’t run into privacy issues.
Important
tip – If you are using a Facebook account on a public network, never
share your password with anyone. Also, do not enter the wrong password
multiple times as this will deactivate your Facebook account.
Are you having trouble logging into your Facebook account?
If you are unable to log in to your Facebook account, you can recover it by following these steps:
Try to recover your Facebook account
If you find that your password is invalid or missing, try resetting it.
If
you’re having problems with your email, username or phone number, try
logging into your account with an alternate email or phone number.
If
you signed up for a Facebook account via email, you’ll need to contact
your email service provider to access your Facebook account email to
sign in.
Reasons why Facebook account fails
You
will only see a message that your account is disabled when you try to
log in. If you don’t see this message, you have another problem logging
in. Your Facebook account can be disabled for many reasons. some
examples:
Posting content that doesn’t follow Facebook’s terms.
Using a fake name.
Personify someone.
Continue to engage in behavior that isn’t allowed on Facebook and that violates our Community Guidelines.
Contact others for promotional, advertising, abusive or harassing purposes.
How to create a new Facebook account
if you want it now Create a new Facebook account Using your phone number instead of your email address, you need to follow these steps:
Go to facebook.com and click Create New Account.
Enter your telephone number and other personal information requested in the “Registration” form; Click “Login” when finished.
Enter
the verification code you received on your mobile number and click
Continue. That’s all you need to do to set up a new Facebook account
with your phone number.
distance Create a Facebook account newYou
can manage your account settings and keep it private or open to the
public. For further use, just enter your email address/phone number and
password when creating your account to login your Facebook account.
How to Create a New Facebook Account on Your Computer
Here we will learn how to create a new Facebook gmail account on computer, and here are the necessary steps:
Click Create New Account.
After that, a window will appear where you need to enter:
Your first and middle name.
Your gmail (which we created earlier).
Account password.
After completing these steps, you have to click on Create a Facebook account.
After that, a window will appear asking you to confirm the email as follows:
All
you have to do is go to your email inbox and you will find a message
from Facebook, you have two options, click on the blue confirmation
option or copy the confirmation code and add it to the previous window.
Facebook account verification without number
After entering the code, click Confirm below.
so you did Create a new Facebook account on Gmail.
Create a Facebook account on your phone
When using your phone to create a new Facebook Gmail account, you must first Download the Facebook app from Google Play
If you are using a phone with limited specs, not enough storage space
or don’t want to consume your internet package quickly. Facebook Lite
is the right app. Now, let’s start explaining:
Open the Facebook app.
Click Create a new account and grant it to Facebook Permissions to complete account creation.
In the next window, click on the Next option to start creating a new email account on your phone.
Enter your name and tap Next, select your date of birth by month, day and year and tap Next again to go to the next step.
Select your gender and click Next.
In
the next step you will be asked to enter a phone number but we are
creating a new facebook gmail account without phone number or email so
you should choose email login option. Then enter your email and click
next.
After
that, you must enter your password, then a window will appear to
confirm the registration process, just click on the “Register” option.
In the Save Login Information window, you can save the information in an application Facebook So that you can access your account easily next time.
After that you will be ready Create a new Facebook account.